重塑旧金山最古老的公园：南方公园

公司：	Fletcher Studio	类型：	景观
地区：	美国	标签：	公园绿地 \| 旧改项目

从私人花园到民众公园

南方公园位于旧金山的商业和文化中心的SOMA（南部市场）中心，这里拥有许多博物馆，科技研发所，设计公司以及棒球场。该地区也是经济多元化人群的聚集地，住宅和酒店毗邻公寓和高端商业房地产。鉴于这种多样性，占地1.2英亩的公园必须提供丰富的灵活且回应的空间，以满足到访者的特殊需求。

Private Garden to Public Park

South Park is located in the heart of the SOMA (South of Market) District of San Francisco, the city’s hub for business and culture, containing many museums, tech and design businesses, as well as the baseball stadium. The area is also home to an economically diverse population, with residential hotels adjacent to condos and high value commercial real estate. Given this diversity, the 1.2 acre park had to provide a variety of flexible and responsive spaces that meet the unique needs of its visitors.

场地有服务各种不同的人群丰富悠久的历史。多年来，它已经转化为移民，难民，海滨居民，艺术家和年轻学者服务的公园。南方公园建于1855年，是英国自然风景派的漫步花园，位于专属住宅社区的中心。在19世纪末，它成为普通大众的公园，为搬到该地区在码头和仓库工作的移民提供了喘息休憩的空间。在1906年地震和火灾之后的几年中，公园曾作为难民营，为648人提供了临时住房。在整个20世纪初期，社区的重建期间，篝火在公园里保持燃烧，给等待工会通知新房的难民们提供温暖。到20世纪末，公园迅速发展，进行了升级改造，以满足快速变化的人群的需求：首先是家庭，然后是老年人和残障无家可归者搬入居民旅社，最后是互联网繁荣时期的年轻人。

The site has a long and rich history serving a variety of diverse populations. Its transformation over the years has served immigrants, refugees, longshoremen, artists, and young professionals. South Park was originally constructed in 1855 as an English picturesque strolling park at the center of an exclusive residential community. At the end of the 19th century it was given over the public and provided respite for immigrants who had moved to the area to work in the docks and warehouses. In the years following the 1906 Earthquake and Fire the park served as a refugee camp, providing temporary housing for 648 people. As the neighborhood rebuilt, throughout the early 20th century, bonfires burned in the park as longshoremen kept warm, waiting for calls from the union hall. Towards the end of the 20th century, the park evolved quickly, reinventing itself to meet the needs of a quickly changing population: first families, then elderly and disabled homeless moving into residential hotels, and finally young professionals in the dot-com boom.

多年来，不断的临时性改造致使南部公园严重失修。 2011年，南方公园更新协会委托了一家景观建筑公司来开发公园设计。设计团队与街区居民以及社区负责人密切合作，推动了12次社区拓展会议，并制定了公园总体规划和景观设计方案。这些设计协调了灵活的公共空间需求与缓解主要基础设施问题和功能性问题，包括排水不良和缺乏ADA可达性。

Over the years, ad-hoc improvements had led South Park into disrepair. In 2011, The South Park Improvement Association appointed a landscape architecture firm to develop a design for the park. Working closely with neighbors and community leaders, the design team helped to facilitate more than 12 community outreach meetings and develop a park masterplan and landscape design. These designs negotiate between the need for flexible public spaces and alleviating major infrastructural and functional issues including poor drainage and lack of ADA accessibility.

现今的风景如画

公园的新设计可以说是对风景如画的当代诠释，指引游客一边漫步于精心设计的曲折小径，一边提供各种便利设施和变换的空间。正式设计决策的主要决定因素是现有树木，保留的公园结构，交通流线，景观点，社交节点和预期用途这几个要点。通过一条简单的路径串联这些元素，设计形成了统一的线性长廊，连接了各种活动空间，同时在公园的整个长轴上散布着五颜六色的耐旱植物，并且产生交叠。不同尺度的广场决定了程序化的景观元素的沿路排布，路径的宽窄收放关键点的交接处形成大小不一的广场。

Contemporary Picturesque

The new design of the park may be described as a contemporary interpretation of the picturesque, guiding visitors along a carefully choreographed, meandering pathway while revealing a variety of accessible amenities and flexible spaces. The primary determining factors of the formal design decisions were driven by a hierarchy of existing trees, structures to remain, circulation patterns, access points, social nodes and intended use. By linking these points with a single path, the design forms a consistent linear promenade connecting a variety of amenity spaces while meandering amongst colorful and drought-tolerant plants along the length of the park and allowing for lateral crossing. The programmatic elements arrayed along the pathway are anchored by varying scales of plazas, formed at key junctures, through the thickening and thinning of the path.

设计策略是由紧密结合的物料系统四个关键部分组成：可扩展的模块化铺路系统；大片草坡；透水性植物种植；低矮的挡土墙。最终设计呈现包括一系列穿过公园的长墙，以划分空间，保持坡度，并为公园的步道提供休憩的座椅。道路通过简单建造技术组合达成，这些组合由易于调整的组件组成，可以提供适应变化的空间，工程和地形灵活方案。道路系统由现场浇筑的混凝土铺路组成，看起来像一个有圆滑边缘的“平板”摊铺机和沿着整个公园的南北轴线排列的“滑条”带。这两个元素的组合允许对道路的宽度进行流畅的调整变化，以呼应公园内容上以及外部空间需求，道路边缘的细粒度调整，也响应特定地点的条件。设计方案还更新了主要基础设施，包括最先进的灌溉系统，可渗透湿地，花槽水沟，地下渗透井和球形出水口，以改善人行道安全和有序交通。

The design strategy utilized four tightly bound material systems: an expandable, modular paving system; large sloping meadows; vegetated infiltration basins; and low retaining walls that mediate between paving and planted areas. The resulting design includes a series of long walls that flow through the park, to define spaces, hold grade, and provide seating and protection from the adjacent streets. The tectonic system for the path consists of a simply constructed combination of easily modified components that allow for diverse spatial, programmatic, and topographic solutions. The path system is comprised of site-cast concrete paving constructed to look like individual “tablet” pavers with rounded edges and “slider” bands that are arrayed along the north/south axis throughout the park. The combination of these two elements allows for a coherent modulation in the width of the path responding to contextual/external spatial desires, and fine-grain adjustment of the path edge that responds to site-specific conditions. The design also updated and made major infrastructural improvements including a state of the art irrigation system, bio-infiltration swales, flow through planters, subsurface infiltration wells and bulb-outs for improved pedestrian safety and traffic calming.

程序化元素包括了“通用”游戏区域。定制设计的游乐区形式灵感来自软体动物Nudibranch的优美流动性，由两个简单连接的圈组成。圆形土丘从游戏区升起，在向地面倾斜时与构筑物相迎。土丘具有多种功能，可提供任意的游乐空间，同时提供了游乐园入口，并在构筑物周围形成了亲近的活动空间。参数化手段再次为游乐建筑生成相应模型，该模型使我们能够快速生成建筑的多个版本。它还将自动生成网，配件和游乐元件，控制周长和内部管道形状。

One programmatic element included a ‘universal’ play area. The custom designed play structure form came from the simple goal of two connecting circles and the beautiful fluidity of Nudibranch, a sea mollusk. Rounded berms rise from the play surface, to meet the structure as it dips down towards the groundplane. The mounds have multiple functions, providing informal play space while providing points of access to play elements and framing an accessible area along the edge of the structure. Parametric software was again used to generate a responsive model for the custom play structure, this model allowed us to quickly generate multiple versions of the structure. It also would automatically distribute netting, fittings, and play elements, responding to the manipulation of the perimeter and interior tube forms.

参数化设计

最初的设计是通过迭代的模拟图表和设计过程生成的。设计决策是通过对场地的直观了解，公众反馈并结合设计规则结合得出。设计团队利用这些信息，并利用最先进的参数化设计软件作为工具辅助制作可行的3-D模型，技术文档和施工文档。参数软件用于开发响应式3-D工作模型，该模型集成了现有实用程序和地形的场地数据。模型是在可修改3-D参数并整体更新的基础上回应各要素的。地面铺板的宽度，长度和排布可通过修改输入数值来进行调整，从而允许输入准确的值，或者进行更直观和特定场地的调整。壁面轮廓，厚度，边缘半径甚至溜冰场地的摩擦系数更新都是自动生成的。铺装的分布本质上是一个简单的矢量轮廓，参数软件会将其转换为模块化的平面铺装区域。这样就可以最小化的调整改动并将向量简洁导出到2-D CAD。“实时”模型可以极大地帮助准备一组工作文档，这些工作文档有时像一组“宜家”组装指令一样容易读取。这在较低的竞标价格来说是必要的。

Parametric Design

The initial design for the park was developed through an iterative analog diagramming and design process. Design decisions were made through intuitive understandings of the site, public feedback, and embedded in rule sets that guided design decisions. The design team took this information and utilizing cutting-edge parametric design software as tool to aide in the production of working 3-D models, technical documentation and construction documents. Parametric software was used to develop a responsive 3-D working model, that integrated the site data including existing utilities and topography. This model was responsive, in the sense that various 3-D parameters could be modified and would universally update the entire model. Paving tablet width, length, and distribution could be adjusted by modifying inputs, allowing the entry of exact values, or perhaps more intuitive and site specific adjustments. Updates to wall profiles, thickness, edge radii and even the distribution and frequency of skate deterrents were automated. The distribution of the paving field was essentially a simple vector outline that the parametric software would convert into the modular tablet paver field. This allowed for the clean export of vectors to 2-D CAD with minimal trimming and cleanup. The use of a ‘live’ model helped greatly in the preparation of a set of working documents that reads, at times, like an “Ikea” set of assembly instructions. This was necessary due to the City required low bid contracting process.

由于场地上的坡度变化超过22英尺，并且要达到的公差和可进入的公共空间的标准都非常严格，因此将铺路的精确高程点输入到grasshopper中以生成地形网格。对照主模型检查对地形的修改，以检索错误或者调整。排水反转点也必须相互连接，将最终的矢量转换成管道，从而可以以模型形式评估排水系统，从而避免潜在的矛盾并得出挖沟弃渣的体积量。

With over 22 feet of grade change on the site, and tight tolerances to achieve and accessible public space, accurate elevation points of the paving were input into grasshopper to generate a topo mesh. Modifications to the topography could be checked against the master model for errors or adjustments needed. Drainage inverts points could be connected to each other, with the resulting vectors converted into tubes so that the drainage system could be evaluated in model form helping to avoid potential conflicts as well as generate volume calculations for trenching spoils.

一个适合所有人的可持续发展的公园

耐旱植物，雨水渗透花园，以及雨水灌溉系统，共同造就了一个生态可持续设计。然而，公园同时也是社会可持续的，满足了经济多元化人群的需求，为所有年龄的人提供无障碍的游乐空间，并为公共活动提供丰富的空间。无围栏的公园向所有人开放，而短的混凝土座椅和挡土墙为日常生活剧场提供了任意自由的座位和舞台。设计通过将历史分析与参数化设计和当代美学相结合，成功将南方公园变成一个生态和社会可持续的公园，为使用、连接和快乐奠定了基础，同时创造了一个有吸引力和不断发展的空间。

A Sustainable Park for All

Drought tolerant plantings, performative bioinfiltration gardens, and an irrigation system that utilizes rainwater collected on-site work together to create an ecologically sustainable design. However, the park is also socially sustainable, meeting the needs of an economically diverse population, providing accessible play space for all ages, and offering diverse spaces for public use. A lack of fences opens the park to all, while short concrete seat and retaining walls offer informal seating and stages for the theater of daily life. By combining historical analysis with parametric design and a contemporary aesthetic, South Park succeeds as an ecologically and socially sustainable park, setting the stage for use, connection, and delight while creating a space that is both magnetic and evolving.