高寒高海拔地区的当代建筑实践

人类本来默然，是意象说出话语。因为显而易见，唯有意象能与自然并肩偕行。  ——鲍里斯·帕斯捷尔纳克

“Man himself is mute, and it is the image that speaks. For it is obvious that the image alone can keep pace with nature.”- Boris Pasternak

又是一年即将远去，这一年我们仍在新冠疫情的裹挟中前行，突如其来的暂停键，我们思考着人与人的关系，人与建筑的关系，建筑是否是冰冷的水泥盒子？是否只是人类避身的容器？或许，建筑也是从土地上生长出来的“大树”，是人类意识的居所。

Another year is coming to an end. This year, we are still in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sudden pause button to our lives forced us to think more about relationships both on human & human or human & architecture.  “Is building only a cold concrete box? Is building just a shelter for humans? “, questions like these appear in our brain spontaneously. Bunch of thoughts collide and integrate, eventually we reach a consensus. Perhaps, architecture is not only a "tree" that grows out of the land, but also the residence of human consciousness.

小隐建筑事务所成立于中国成都，是意象建筑论的开创者和践行者，追求与自然共生，营造具有情感和生命力的诗意空间，创造全新的多维体验空间。我们在高寒高海拔地区播撒当代建筑的种子，糅合了大地和天空。

ARCHERMIT was founded in Chengdu, China. As the pioneer and practitioner of Imagist theory of architecture, we pursue to inter-grow with nature, aim to create poetic venue based on motion and vitality and build a new generation multidimensional experience space.

1 、在高寒高原地带进行建造，遇到的技术难点有哪些？  

1. What are the technical difficulties encountered in projects at frigid and high-altitude areas during the construction period?

1 、然乌湖营地是我们西藏项目中温差最大的一个, 季节温差及昼夜温差非常大， 极端情况下单日温差超过40 度。这对建筑材料、建筑设备的选择带来非常多的限制。

① Ranwu Lake International Self-drive Tour and Recreational Vehicle Campsite has the largest temperature difference among our projects in Tibet. The temperature difference between season and day is huge, and in extreme cases, the temperature difference between day and night is over 40 centigrade degrees.  This brings many restrictions to the choice of construction materials and equipment.  

△ 然乌湖营地

2 、除了温差，极端天气也十分影响正常施工时间安排。 西藏大部分地区一年有超过 5 个月的冰雪天气，夏季突发的雨雪、高温、大风等恶劣天气使得一年当中可以正常施工的时间和周期非常有限。 邦达旅游集散中心所在的邦达草原，每年10月底开始下雪，一直要到次年5 月左右冰雪才能解封。  

② In addition to temperature differences, extreme weather also affects the normal construction schedule.  Most parts of Tibet have more than five months of snow and ice in a year. Sudden rain, snow, high temperatures, strong winds and other bad weather in summer limit the time and period of normal construction in a year.  The Bangda grassland, where our tourism transportation center is located, begins to snow at the end of October every year, and the snow and ice cannot thaw until around May of the following year.  

△ 建设中的邦达旅游集散中心

3 、由于西藏地形复杂，大部分地区道路崎岖、 弯多弯急、隧道涵洞密布， 泥石流 塌方等造成道路损毁的情况时有发生，这对施工材料和施工设备运输带来非常大的影响。 超过 13 米的建材几乎无法运达施工现场，大型施工设备如吊车、打桩机等无法运送，道路损毁和恶劣天气也会导致运输时间的不可控。  

③ Due to the complex terrain in Tibet, most of the roads are rugged and curved, tunnel culverts are densely covered, and road damage caused by mudslides and landslides occurs from time to time, which has a great impact on the transportation of construction materials and equipment.  Building materials over 13 meters can hardly be transported to the site, large construction equipment such as cranes and pile drivers cannot be transported, road damage and bad weather will also lead to uncontrollable transportation time.  

△ 天路72拐

△ 怒江观景台项目地

4 、高海拔对施工人员身体体能是一项非常大的挑战，然乌湖海拔 3900 多米， 2016 年项目开工不到半个月，第一波工人就集体撤场， 怒江观景台海拔 2800 多 米，仅做桩基础打孔工作就换了6 波工人。很多低海拔地区的施工人员根本无法 适应高海拔气候， 这也导致施工人员的选择变得局限。 另外，高海拔对一些施工 工艺也带来非常大的挑战， 如电焊、 混凝土浇筑、金属板材的安装等等。  

④ Ranwu Lake is over 3,900 meters above sea level. High altitude is a great challenge to the physical fitness of construction personnel. In 2016, the first wave of workers withdrew from the site in less than half a month after the project started.  Many workers from plain areas can't adapt to the high-altitude climate, which limits the choice of construction workers.  In addition, the high altitude also makes great challenges to some construction techniques, such as electric welding, concrete pouring, metal plate installation, etc.  

2 、针对这些难点， 你们是怎么解决的？其中可能涉及到一些独创性的技术研究 么？

How did you solve these difficulties?  Could there be some ingenious original technical research involved? 

其实，谈不上独创性的研究，大部分建造手段都是日常的，或是前人用过但被大 众逐渐遗忘的，我们只是选择了合适的建造方式来解决问题。而关于施工建造的 独创性， 我们认为还是要依靠革命性的新材料研发才能得以实现。  

In fact, there’s no research we could say it’s original, most of the construction methods are normal and daily used, or used by predecessors but gradually forgotten by the masses, we just choose the appropriate method to solve the problems.  As for the originality of construction, we believe that it could only be achieved by the development of revolutionary new materials.  

考虑到高寒地区的温差极大，在进行建筑选材时，要避免采用变形系数大的板材 作为建筑材料，这些材料容易受温差变化导致老化、变形、脱落的加剧， 于此， 应主要选用石材、 木材、水泥制品、 当地本土材料和一些变形系数小的金属材 料；施工工艺方面，要尽可能多的采用胶粘的施工工艺，而尽可能少采用水泥粘 接的施工工艺。一方面高寒地区施工周期短不利于水泥粘接施工，极大的温差和 冬季冰冻会造成水泥粘接大量的开裂、剥落、 脱落、碱蚀等等。  

Considering the great temperature difference in high latitude area, we avoid using plate materials with high deformation coefficient. These materials are easily influenced by temperature changes, leading to aging, deformation and even fall off. In order to avoid hidden danger, we mainly choose stone, wood, cement products, local materials and some metal materials with low deformation coefficient. Besides materials, we use adhesive construction technology as much as possible, and as little as possible the use of cement bonding construction technology.  On the one hand, the short construction period in the frigid area is not conducive to cement bonding construction; On the other hand, great temperature difference and freezing in winter will cause a large number of problems, such as cracking, peeling, peeling, alkali erosion and so on.

然乌湖营地是我们在西藏的第一个项目，建筑主体为钢结构，外观主材经过多番 周折，最后选定白色水泥纤维板、红色耐候钢板、现场筛选的卵石、废弃火车枕 木等。项目建成后一度成为 318 沿线的标杆项目，在西藏地区颇具影响力，这也 为我们后续几个藏区项目创造了机会。  

Ranwu Lake International Self-drive Tour and Recreational Vehicle Campsite is our first project in Tibet. The main building is a steel structure. After many twists and turns, the exterior materials are finally decided, white cement fiberboard, red weathering steel plate, pebbles selected on site, abandoned train ties, etc. are chosen.  After the completion of the project, it becomes a benchmark project along Route 318, which has great influence in Tibet and creates opportunities for our subsequent projects.  

△ 然乌湖营地

怒江 72 拐峡谷观景台是我们现在还在施工中的项目， 我相信建成后会是西藏地区独具特色的体验挑战项目。 其中一号观景台主体是钢桁架结构， 从悬崖上出挑 27米，外观主材是红色耐候钢板和进口 SGP 夹胶玻璃。  

Viewing Platform of Nujiang (Salween River) 72-turnings Canyon is still under construction. We believe it will be a unique project for experience and challenge in Tibet after completion.  The main body of No. 1 platform is a steel truss structure, 27 meters cantilever out from the cliff, the main material of the appearance is red weathering steel plates and imported SGP laminated glass.

△ 怒江观景台效果图

邦达旅游集散中心，建筑主体也是钢结构，坐落在海拔 4200 米的邦达草原，外观 主材采用白色陶瓷薄板、铝单板、当地片石、 石板瓦等。拉萨奔驰全球服务中心 是我们在西藏大城市的首个项目，紧邻文成公主剧院， 远眺布达拉宫，建筑主体 也是钢结构，外观主材是白色和藏红色陶瓷薄板、深灰色的高强度合金铝板。  

The main building of Bangda Tourism Transportation Center is also constructed by steel structure, located 4200 meters above sea level bangda grassland. The main materials of appearance are white ceramic sheets, aluminum plates, local stone, slate, etc.  The Lhasa Mercedes Benz Global Service Center is our first project located in the big city of Tibet, adjacent to Princess Wencheng Theatre and overlooking Potala Palace, which is also a steel structure and presented by white and Tibetan red ceramic sheets and dark grey high-strength alloy aluminum sheets.  

△ 邦达旅游集散服务中心效果图

△ 拉萨奔驰全球服务中心效果图

在西藏这种交通运输不便、 施工周期受天气影响非常大的地方， 钢结构是非常理 想的建造方式，现场施工量少、安装快捷、综合造价可控。这些项目的外观主材 共同特性是耐候性好，施工工艺相对简单，简化现场操作，利于项目落地。我们 希望这些具有创造性设计的项目在品质和完成度方面也是非常优秀的。  

In places like Tibet, where transportation is inconvenient and construction period is greatly affected by weather, steel structure is an ideal construction method, with less on-site construction, fast installation and controllable comprehensive cost.  The common characteristics of the main exterior materials of these projects are good weather resistance, relatively simple construction process, simplified site operation, which are all conducive to the project landing.  We hope these creatively designed projects will be excellent both in quality and completeness.  

△ 然乌湖营地构造分析

考虑到地区特殊条件，合理的施工时间和施工工序规划，避免冰雪期和突发恶劣天气给施工建造带来严重的不良影响，从而保证项目进度。  

Considering the special conditions of the region, reasonable construction time and process planning are necessary. Not only ensure the project schedule, but also avoid the severe adverse impact of snow and ice period and sudden bad weather on construction.

从这个角度来说， 我们完成的不仅仅是狭义上的设计， 更要从设计的角度先行考虑项目落地偏远地区受到的制约。在设计初期就要尽可能多地考虑到材料运输的问题，避免采用大规格的建材。高寒地区采用钢结构建造时，要特别注意结构构 件的合理拆分，保证材料科学的力学性能前提下，将材料拆分为便于运输的尺寸 规格。同时很多大城市常用的设备都很难送达，要考虑合理的施工措施和机械设 备以及考虑好替代的施工手段，确保施工建造的顺利开展。  

From this point of view, what we have completed is not only design in a narrow sense, but also consider ahead the constraints on the project landing in remote areas from the design perspective.  Based on this point, the transportation of materials should be considered as much as possible at the beginning to avoid the use of large specifications construction materials.  When steel structures are used for construction in frigid regions, special attention should be paid to the reasonable separation of structural components. On the premise of guaranteeing the mechanical properties of materials, the materials should be divided into sizes convenient for transportation.  At the same time, many commonly used equipment in large cities is difficult to deliver, so reasonable construction measures, mechanical equipment and alternative construction methods should be considered to ensure the smooth development of construction.

△ 怒江观景台效果图

△ 怒江观景台钢结构模型

△ 怒江观景台钢结构安装拆分模拟

尽可能避免复杂的施工工艺，高寒高海拔地区对施工人员身体体能、心理承受都是非常大的挑战， 理性选择合理的工艺做法和施工措施，提前在项目地区做好各 类施工咨询工作， 避免盲目追求“ 高技” 导致的“ 水土不服” 造成资源浪费。  

As far as possible, avoid using complex construction technology. Working in high altitude areas is a giant challenge to construction personnel both physical and psychological. In order to avoid waste of resources caused by blind pursuit of "high technology", proper process and construction measures must be chosen rationally and preparing different kinds of construction consulting work about the site in advance seems necessary.  

这些技术问题藏区的项目都会遇到， 怒江观景台项目是非常典型的代表， 这个项目遇到的设计和施工问题， 几乎可以囊括藏区所有项目遇到的问题。怒江观景台项目从设计之初， 我们就提出了“ 挑战” 的理念，除了提供给游客关于“ 挑战” 的体验之外，项目本身的设计和建造也是对高海拔地区工程建设的一次重大“ 挑 战”，对于我们在藏地工程的实践有着非常重要的意义。  

All these technical problems mentioned above will be encountered by most Tibetan projects, and Viewing Platform of Nujiang (Salween River) 72-turnings Canyon is a typical representative. The design and construction problems encountered in this project can almost cover all the problems encountered by all Tibetan projects.  Since the beginning of design, we have proposed the concept of "challenging". In addition to providing tourists with "challenging" experience, the design and construction of the project itself is also a major "challenging" to the engineering construction in high altitude areas, which is of great significance to our engineering practice in Tibetan areas.  

△ 怒江观景台效果图

观景台选址在一处悬崖之上，与怒江落差 110 米，场地横跨 260 多米的怒江，且 正好处于河谷风口，北岸紧临 G318 ， 但南岸却没有道路设施，可达性非常差。从 一开始的地形测绘、地质勘查开始， 设计工作就困难重重。为了营造天路 72 拐、怒江峡谷“ 险中求险” 的西行体验， 设计方案也做了非常大胆的尝试和挑战。后 续做了大量的专项设计论证工作，地灾评估、 风洞试验、 TMD 计算、悬臂钢结构施 工模拟等等，为后续的施工建造提供了足够的技术支撑。

The site is located on a cliff with a 110-meter drop from the Nujiang (Salween River). The site spans over 260 meters of the Nujiang and is right at the air opening of the valley. The north bank is close to Route 318, but the south bank has no road facilities and is very poor in accessibility.  From the beginning of the topographic mapping and geological exploration, the design work was fraught with difficulties.  In order to create a westward journey experience of 72-turnings and Nujiang Canyon, the design scheme also makes a very bold attempt and challenge.  A large number of special design demonstration work, such as disaster assessment, wind tunnel test, TMD calculation, cantilever steel structure construction simulation and so on, has provided sufficient technical support for the subsequent construction.  

△ 建设中的怒江观景台

同时，怒江观景台空气稀薄，含氧率低，常年伴随六级以上大风，两岸山体表层 地质结构不稳定， 雨季期间泥石流及落石现象时有发生，施工安全隐患极大。观 景台建设过程中， 我们和施工团队一起攻克了不少难题。  

At the same time, the Viewing Platform has thin air and low oxygen content, accompanied by strong winds of more than six levels all year round. The geological structure of the mountain surface on both sides is unstable, and debris flow and rock fall occur from time to time during the rainy season, resulting in great potential risks for construction safety.  During the construction, many difficulties have been overcome based on the joint effort of the design team and construction team. 

难题一： 测绘和测量放线。 由于项目建筑物、 构筑物的分部横跨 260 多米的怒 江，怒江南岸只有仅能单人通行的崎岖毛路， 需手脚并用才能通行。前期虽然做 了 1:100 的详细地形图，在实际测量放线时也困难重重。有些点位处于悬崖峭壁 上，河谷的风非常大，无人机无法精准操控， 只能选择 RTK 测量仪人工放线，没 有临时施工便道， 只能绑安全绳悬吊在悬崖上开展测量放线工作。  

Difficult 1: Mapping and survey laying out.  As the buildings and structures of the project straddle the Nujiang River, which is more than 260 meters long, the south bank of the Nujiang has only a rugged hairy road that can only be passed by one person, requiring both hands and feet to pass.  Although 1:100 detailed topographic map was made in the early stage, there were many difficulties in the actual laying out.  Some points are located on the cliff. Due to the strong wind in the valley, the UAV cannot be controlled accurately, so it can only choose THE RTK measuring instrument to manually lay out the line. There is no temporary construction access road, so roping on the cliff to carry out the survey and laying out the line is the only choice.  

△ 怒江观景台的场地现状

难题二： 基础开挖。观景台位于天路 72 拐和怒江虎跳峡之间，特殊的地理位置导 致大型机械无法通过。观景台地基采用桩基础，桩基础处于悬崖峭壁上的不同面 层，无道路及平整施工面， 条件限制只能选择人工水磨钻方式进行桩基施工。桩 基最深达 35 米，下部全部为岩石，而且岩层不断变化， 多数岩层的岩石坚硬且密 度很大， 更换了市面上 50 多种钻头都无法达到钻孔需求，项目部送取岩石样品至 重庆、山东等刀具厂家进行岩石分析定制钻头，才配置出适合本项目的定制钻 头。桩基础的施工历经半年之久，更换了 6 个施工班组，经过数百人的努力才得 以完成。  

Difficult 2: Foundation excavation.  The Viewing Platform is located between 72-turnings Canyon and The Tiger Leaping Gorge of Nujiang. The special location makes it impossible for large machinery to pass through.  The viewing platform adopts pile foundation, which is located in different layers on the cliff without roads and flat construction surfaces. Therefore, the artificial hydraulic grinding and drilling method can only be used due to the limited conditions.  The deepest pile base up to 35 m, the landform is all rock, and rock changing. Most of the layers of rock are hard and dense. We replaced more than 50 bits on the market but none can achieve drilling requirements. Therefore, the project department sent rock samples to Chongqing, Shandong and other cutting tools manufacturers and finally customized a suitable bit.  The construction of the pile foundation took six months, six construction teams were replaced during that time. This work cannot be finished without efforts from hundreds of these people.

△ 悬崖边打桩的水磨钻群

难题三： 人员、设备和材料的运送。 施工人员和材料在施工现场的转运也是一个 难题。怒江南岸没有施工便道，施工人员需要驾车绕行几公里， 从临时钢桥跨过 怒江，再步行至施工点位， 在海拔 2800 多米的条件下， 工人从施工板房到达施工 点位需要接近 2 个小时，来回耗费约 4 个小时（无负重的情况下）。观景台基础 为钢筋混凝土深桩基，主体为高等级钢结构， 外观主材为混凝土、钢构件、耐后 钢板、不锈钢、 特种玻璃等。用于怒江南岸的材料虽然经过多次的设计拆解，但 仍然非常重，单靠人力无法送到。一些中小型的施工机械（挖掘机、破碎机、空 压机等等）也无法到达南岸。为此， 项目部先搭建了临时跨江滑索，保障施工机 械的两岸来往，后来又架设了货运滑索，保障施工材料顺利送达南岸。同时，多方努力将一台 100 吨吊车送达南岸施工现场， 并在怒江北岸搭建了 60 式塔吊。施 工材料运达现场后使用吊车卸货，再使用塔吊转运至过江吊装平台，在通过滑索 送达对岸，之后只得采用人工方式转运至各施工部位， 前后需要至少 4 次转运。  

Difficult 3: Transportation of personnel, equipment and materials.  The transfer of construction personnel and materials to and from the construction site is also a challenge.  There is no construction access road on the southern bank of Nujiang, so the construction workers need to drive several kilometers to cross the river from the temporary steel bridge, and then walk to the construction site. Under the condition of altitude more than 2,800 meters, it takes nearly 2 hours for workers to reach the construction site from the construction board house, and it takes about 4 hours to go back and forth (under the condition of no load).  The viewing platform is based on reinforced concrete deep pile foundation, and the main body is a high-grade steel structure. The main materials are concrete, steel components, weathering steel plates, stainless steel, special glass and so on.  The materials used on the south bank have been designed and disassembled many times, but they are still too heavy to be delivered by hand alone.  Some small and medium-sized construction machinery (excavators, crushers, air compressors, etc.) cannot reach the south bank.  To this end, the project department first set up a temporary cross-river zip line to ensure the cross-bank traffic of construction machinery, and then set up a freight zip line to ensure the smooth delivery of construction materials.  At the same time, efforts were made to deliver a 100-ton crane to the site on the southern bank, and a type 60 tower crane was built on the northern bank.  After arriving at the site, the construction materials are unloaded by crane, and then transferred to the hoisting platform across the river by tower crane. After being sent to the other side by zip line, the construction materials have to be manually transferred to each construction site, which requires at least 4 times of transfer.

△ 跨江货运滑索

△ 悬崖边的塔吊和吊车

难题四： 混凝土浇筑：主要结构体系，结构师禁止使用自拌混凝土，必须采用高 等级商混保证结构质量。距离项目地最近的混凝土搅拌站在八宿县城，相隔 40 多公里，车程时间 1 个多小时。搅拌车无法到达怒江南岸，由于搅拌车太重，也无 法通过货运滑索过江。为此在怒江上搭建了 150 米左右的便桥， 在便桥上铺设混 凝土输送专用管道，将混凝土打到对岸。混凝土输送过程经常发生堵管的情况， 发生堵管则必须在一小时内立即疏通，否则混凝土凝固，输送管道报废， 需要切 断再重新铺设新的管道。另外由于搅拌站距离太远，搅拌车运输过程耗费时间 久，跨江的输送也非常复杂，所以每一车混凝土都需要争分夺秒，合理安排好整 个运输和浇筑流程，稍有不慎，一车混凝土就废了。怒江南岸混凝土浇筑点位较 多，部分悬崖顶部的少量栈道点位因输送距离太长，实在不能采用混凝土输送管 直接浇筑，经结构师同意， 采用自拌料方式工作，在满足质量要求的前提下，施 工效率极低、进展缓慢。  

Difficult 4: Concrete pouring: for the main structural system, the structural engineer forbids the use of self-mixing concrete, and must use high grade commercial mixing concrete to ensure the quality of the structure.  The nearest concrete mixing station to the project site is located in Basu County, which is more than 40 kilometers away and takes more than one hour by car.  The truck could not reach the southern bank, nor could it cross the river by zip line because it was too heavy.  For this purpose, a bridge of about 150 meters was built across the river, and concrete was driven to the other side by laying concrete pipes on the bridge.  The concrete conveying process often occurs in the case of blocked pipes. Blocked pipes must be solved immediately within an hour, otherwise once concrete solidification, transport pipeline scrap, which would need to be cut off and then lay a new pipe.  In addition, because the mixing station is too far away, the transportation process of mixing trucks takes a long time, and the transportation across the river is also very complex, so every car needs to race against time, reasonably arrange the whole transportation and pouring process. A car of concrete would be wasted due to being a little careless.  There are many concrete pouring points on the southern bank. Due to the long distance, concrete conveying pipes cannot reach a few points on the boardwalk on the top of some cliffs. With the approval of the structural engineer, self-mixing method is adopted to work, but with unavoidable problems like low efficient and slow progress.

△ 跨江便桥

△ 输送管道进行跨江混凝土浇筑作业

△ 自拌混凝土浇筑

难题五： 悬崖侧壁基础施工。观景台的跨江玻璃吊桥需要在悬崖侧壁进行隧道锚 碇基础施工，隧道锚碇 30 米深，作业面距平台 20 多米高，下部便是涛涛怒江， 机械没法到场，只能在悬崖上搭建脚手架组群，采用空压机风镐凿进，由于山体 表层石头有风化松动的情况，施工过程中，山体上方常有落石掉落。  

Difficult 5: Cliff side wall foundation construction.  Viewing glass suspension bridge across the river needs tunnel anchorage foundation construction on the side wall. Under circumstances of 30 meters deep tunnel anchorage, more than 20 meters high from the platform, the lower is the dangerous river, machine can't present, building scaffold group on the cliff and using the air compressor air pick carved into is the best choice. Because the mountain surface loose stones have weathered, rocks often fall from the mountains during the construction process.

△ 侧壁基础施工中搭建在悬崖上的脚手架

△ 崖壁上的隧道锚

△ 隧道锚钻掘作业

难题六： 钢结构吊装。观景台为钢桁架结构， 悬臂端外挑 27m， 悬臂支座附近桁高 2.4m，桁架高度由支座处向悬臂端逐渐减小， 悬臂端桁高 1.5m， 离怒江垂直高度 约 110 米。根G318 的运输限制，综合考虑分析决定， 桁架在工厂分 46 段制作 运输至现场，在现场拼装后再进行吊装，其中悬挑部分主桁架分为 26 段。由于吊 装对悬臂结构的预起拱、焊接、控制点位移等要求极高，加上现场随时伴有大 风，整个安装过程对工人要求之高， 在西藏地区是罕见的。  

Difficult 6: Steel structure hoisting and assembling.  The viewing platform is steel truss structure, cantilever out 27m, the truss height near the cantilever support is 2.4m, the truss height gradually decreases from the support to the cantilever end, the cantilever end truss height is 1.5m, about 110 meters from the vertical height of the river.  According to the transportation limitations of Route 318 and after comprehensive consideration and analysis, the truss is divided into 46 sections (the cantilever part of the main truss is divided into 26 sections) in the factory and then transported to the site, and then hoisted after on-site assembly.  Due to the high requirements hoisting of cantilever structure about the pre-arch, welding, control point displacement, coupled with the site at any time accompanied by strong wind, the whole installation process of high requirements for workers is rare in Tibetan areas.

△ 隧道锚钻掘作业

3 、建造过程中，“ 文化冲突” 可能会表现在什么地方？  

In the process of construction, where may "culture conflict" be manifested?

有接触交流，自然就有冲突。更为重要的是如何化解冲突，到达共识共赢。无论 是“ 宗教信仰” 还是“ 地方保护”， 尊重是大前提。对当地“ 宗教信仰” 提前做 全面的了解是避免冲突的最佳方法， 这方面的冲突是要杜绝的， 否则会引起及其 严重的矛盾。“ 地方保护” 方面，提前了解当地一些俗成的“ 社会约定”，协同 当地政府和“ 地方代表” 做好沟通， 达成多方共赢共同发展的共识，为施工建造 提前扫清障碍。  

Where there is contact and communication, there is conflict. What is more important is how to resolve conflicts and achieve consensus and win-win results. Whether it is "religious belief" or "local protection", respect is a prerequisite. A thorough understanding of local "religious beliefs" in advance is the best way to avoid conflicts, which should be avoided, otherwise it will cause extremely serious conflicts. In terms of "local protection", we should understand some common "social agreements" in advance, communicate with the local government and "local representatives", reach consensus of win-win and common development, and clear obstacles for construction in advance.

△ 建设中的邦达旅游集散中心

4 、如何实现与藏区地域文化的调和共融？  

How to achieve harmony and integration with Tibetan regional culture?

首先是尊重， 在尊重的前提下探索突破和创新的可能性。在临近城镇、村庄的地 方，在生活习俗、 建筑形制、装饰、 材质、色彩等方面，尽可能与周边形成和谐 的建筑文化基调。 在远离城镇、村庄的地方， 我们更多是关注建筑与自然的关 系，让建筑更好的融入自然环境当中，在此基础上把地域文化的一些特质做一些 重点的表达，比如信仰、色彩、传统元素等等。时代在不断的进步，在尊重当地 的前提下，当地人也在希望与时俱进，介入一些当代的、新的理念和思想，能促 进相互的发展、进步、融合。  

The first is respect, under the premise of respect to explore the possibility of breakthrough and innovation. In the areas adjacent to towns and villages, harmonious architectural culture keynote should be formed as far as possible with the surrounding areas in terms of living customs, architectural form, decoration, material and color. In places far away from towns and villages, we pay more attention to the relationship between architecture and nature, so as to better integrate architecture into the natural environment. On this basis, we make some key expressions of the characteristics of regional culture, such as faith, color, traditional elements and so on. With the continuous progress of The Times, on the premise of respecting the local area, the local people also hope to keep pace with The Times and intervene in some contemporary and new ideas and ideas, which can promote mutual development, progress and integration.

邦达旅游集散中心和拉萨奔驰全球服务中心紧邻城镇， 尽可能的与周边民居和当 地传统建筑元素去呼应， 然乌湖营地、 怒江观景台远离城镇， 设计上更倾向当代， 与自然融合。

Bangda Tourism Distribution Center and Lhasa Benz Global Service Center are close to the town, echoing the surrounding dwellings and local traditional architectural elements as much as possible. Ranwu Lake Camp and Nujiang Viewing Platform are far away from the town, and are more contemporary in design, integrating with nature.

△ 然乌湖营地

△ 怒江观景台

5 、“ 绿色建造” 是如何植入到设计及施工过程中的？实际上，建筑是一种人造物 的介入， 你们会怎么样尽可能降低对高原脆弱生态的影响？  

How to implant "green construction" into the design and construction process? In fact, architecture is a man-made intervention. How can you minimize the impact on the fragile ecology of the plateau?

建设肯定就会有一定的破坏，设计策略上我们会从建筑选址、建筑介入大地的方式、建筑材料、建筑构造等多方面去思考“ 绿色建造”。不去破坏原有地势和大树是基本原则，在藏区小规模的草地、地被植物的恢复还是相对容易的， 但是种树是非常困难的事情。所有项目我们都充分利用地形， 因地制宜，避免大挖大填，我们选择钢结构和预制装配为主的建造方式，也是为了降低施工建造对环境的影响。  

There will certainly be certain damage to the construction. In terms of design strategy, we will think about "green construction" from many aspects, such as building site selection, the way in which the building interferes with the earth, building materials, and building structure. It is a basic principle not to destroy the original terrain and trees. It is relatively easy to restore small-scale grassland and ground cover plants in Tibetan areas, but it is very difficult to plant trees. In all projects, we make full use of the terrain, adapt measures to local conditions, and avoid large digging and filling. We choose steel structure and prefabricated assembly as the main construction method, in order to reduce the impact of construction on the environment.

例如，然乌湖营地选址在一片泥石流冲沟堆积而成的荒地上，建筑整体架空，一 方面是为了应对北侧 G318 雨季的洪水，另一方面，是为了尽可能将土地还给自 然，种植草地和灌木，同时在旁边上百亩荒地上植树， 几年过去树木长成，营地已然处在丛林之中。  

Ranwu lake camp sites, for example, in a piece of debris flow gully, formed from the accumulation of building the overall overhead, one aspect is in response to the north G318 monsoon floods, on the other hand, since it is for the sake of the land as far as possible back, planting grass and bushes, at the same time on hundreds of acres of land next to plant trees, trees grow in a few years in the past, The camp was already in the jungle.

△ 然乌湖选址泥石流冲沟

△ 2021年营地长大的树木

有的项目位于比较荒凉的地方，建筑对环境的影响非常小，反倒是环境不太适合 建筑的发展，我们改造环境，植树造林、发展果林经济等等，以人力去改善和营 造一个更“ 绿色” 的自然环境。怒江观景台矗立在一片荒漠悬崖之上，希望打造 G318 沿线极限挑战的旅游地标，通过观景台衍生出更多旅游项目，发展当地经济。为此政府在观景台北侧规划种植大规模的果林，数年以后， 这片荒漠定会被 绿荫庇护。  

Some projects are located in relatively desolate places, where the impact of the building on the environment is very small, but the environment is not suitable for the development of the building. We transform the environment, plant trees, develop fruit forest economy, etc., to improve and build a more "green" natural environment with manpower. Standing on a desert cliff, the Observation deck of the Nujiang River hopes to create a tourism landmark along the G318 for extreme challenges, and generate more tourism projects through the observation deck to develop the local economy. To this end, the government plans to plant a large scale fruit forest on the north side of the observation platform. In a few years, this desert will be protected by green shade.

△ 怒江观景台北侧新种果树

6 、业主方对高原地区的商业项目会提出什么比较特别的需求和期待吗？  

Do the owners have any special needs and expectations for commercial projects in plateau areas?

所有业主的需求基本都是一致的：生存和发展。高原地区的发展离不开大家的参 与。然而，高海拔对人的身体机能和生理感受都有非常大的影响，很多商业活动 在这些地方都没法开展，结合业主的资源一起探索适合项目的商业业态， 并研发 对应的产品是一个非常艰难的过程。 为了提高人们的活跃度，更好的感受高原生 活，建筑设计也需要更多的考虑人在高海拔地区活动的舒适性， 供暖、供氧、合 理的交通规划……  

The needs of all owners are basically the same: survival and development. The development of the plateau region is inseparable from everyone's participation. However, the high altitude has a great impact on people's physical functions and physiological feelings, and many commercial activities cannot be carried out in these places. It is a very difficult process to explore the business format suitable for the project and develop corresponding products with the resources of the owner. In order to improve people's activity and better feel the high-native life, the architectural design also needs to take more consideration of the comfort of people's activities in the high-altitude area, such as heating, oxygen supply and reasonable transportation planning...

7、经济及市场效益因素在整体设计中产生了怎样的影响呢？  

What are the effects of economic and market factors on the overall design?

这是一个相互作用的过程， 很大程度上经济及市场效益会直接影响一个场所的活力。这次的疫情导致人们都没有办法出行，西藏很多地区是依靠旅游产业带动发展起来的，没有人们的参与，也就没有了经济流通，很多场所都慢慢荒废了。  

This is an interactive process, and to a large extent economic and market efficiency will directly affect the viability of a place. As a result of the epidemic, people have no way to travel. Many areas in Tibet are driven by the tourism industry. Without people's participation, there is no economic circulation, and many places are slowly abandoned.

而在正常的情况下，场所的吸引力决定了人们是否愿意参与进去，促进这里的经济及市场。这时， 一个好的设计方案对一个地方的发展有着非常重要的促进作用，这种作用力是以点带面的，是高效的。建筑是服务于人的活动，人们是否愿意参与进去，直接决定了建筑场所的活力，而一个场所的活力很大程度上又决定了经济及市场效益。  

Under normal circumstances, the attractiveness of the place determines whether people are willing to participate, thus promoting the economy and market here. At this time, a good design scheme has a very important role in promoting the development of a place. This force is efficient and points to the surface. Architecture is an activity that serves people. Whether people are willing to participate in it directly determines the vitality of a building site, and the vitality of a site largely determines the economic and market benefits.

△ 然乌湖营地

然乌镇人口 1496 人，共 133 户。然乌湖营地落成后， 引入“ 农业电商”，为当地 村民提供了一个农特产品对外营销的平台，带动贫困户 60 户，人均收益从 3 千元/ 年（工资收入）不到提高到 3.5 万元/ 年（工资收入）， 项目年扶贫分红 400 万 元，带动周边新建酒店 45 家，全面改善游客居住环境。怒江观景台目前已为当地 增加了至少 48 个就业岗位，就业收入超过 300 万元/ 年。期待观景台落成后，能为区域旅游赋能， 为这片热土的发展注入新的活力。  

Ranwu town has a population of 1496 people in 133 households. After the completion of Ranwu Lake Camp, "agricultural e-commerce" was introduced to provide local villagers with a marketing platform for agricultural special products, which promoted 60 poor households, and the per capita income increased from less than 3,000 yuan/year (wage income) to 35,000 yuan/year (wage income). The annual poverty alleviation dividend of the project was 4 million yuan. Drive 45 new hotels around the neighborhood, comprehensively improve the living environment for tourists. The Observation deck has created at least 48 jobs in the area, earning more than 3 million yuan a year. It is expected that the backward viewing platform can empower regional tourism and inject new vitality into the development of this hot land.

△ 然乌湖营地