荷兰设计周：Biobasecamp 木构展馆

公司：	Studio Marco Vermeulen	类型：	景观
地区：	荷兰	标签：	艺术装置 \| 展览空间

在2019年荷兰设计周上，Marco Vermeulen工作室建造了 Biobasecamp，这是一个展馆，通过用木材替代混凝土和钢材等传统建筑材料建造而成，旨在表达“木构建筑”可以减少大气中的二氧化碳和氮的观点。

At the Dutch Design Week 2019, Studio Marco Vermeulen built the Biobasecamp, a pavilion that gives architectural expression to the contribution that 'building with trees' can make to reducing the amount of CO2 and nitrogen in the atmosphere through replacing conventional building materials such as concrete and steel with wood.

Biobasecamp 为设计师和客户提供了一个探索“未来混凝土”可能性的起点，将这个展馆与1851年在伦敦海德公园世界博览会上建造的象征着工业革命的水晶宫相比，当然是太过自负了。但是，希望这个展馆同样标志着一个新时代的可能转折点！

The Biobasecamp generates a starting point of exploration for designers and clients towards the possibilities that this "concrete of the future" offers. To compare this pavilion with the Crystal Palace built in 1851 in world exhibition in Hyde Park (London) and symbolized the industrial revolution is of course far too pretentious. But may this pavilion similarly mark the possible turning point for a new era!

展馆的所有木头由大型模块化、可移动的木材部件组成，这些部件由交叉层胶合木制成，行话称之为交叉层压木材(CLT)。在荷兰设计周之后，这些可以作为地板元素重新使用，例如，建造新房子。木材是由德国的工厂提供的，但为什么荷兰还没有跨层木材呢？通过为木材创造更多的经济价值，也可以种植更多的森林。科学的建筑材料分配可以有助于应对气候变化，甚至可以提供荷兰的景观质量，这也适用于 Brabant 白杨树景观，它起源于木屐和火柴的生产。这就是为什么Biobasecamp的平台是由杨树支撑的，这些杨树最近还在Boxtel附近的A2高速公路上，但由于树林太大以及被风吹倒风险，必须清除。

The pavilion deck is made up of large modular, removable floor parts made of cross-layer glued wood, called Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in jargon. After Dutch Design Week, these can be reused as floor elements in, for example, new homes. The used cross-layer wood is made in a German factory from German softwood. But why is there no Dutch cross layer timber yet? By creating more economic value for wood, more forests can also be planted. The building assignment can in this way contribute to combating climate change and the quality of the Dutch landscape. This may also apply to the Brabant poplar landscape that originated for the production of clogs and matches. That is why the deck of the Biobasecamp is supported by strains of poplars that were recently on the A2 motorway near Boxtel, but had to be cleared due to their age and the associated risk of being blown over.

应对气候变化的建筑

主要的气候目标之一是减少二氧化碳的排放，但我们能同时从大气中吸收二氧化碳吗？通过机器的话，这是可能的，然而仍然没有像这种树一样便宜和高效的机器。我们在学校里很早就知道树木在阳光的影响下把二氧化碳转化成葡萄糖来生长。当树木死亡和腐烂时，这些二氧化碳又被释放出来。当我们燃烧木材，用它来发电和加热我们的房子，储存的二氧化碳也被释放。然而，如果我们用它来制造建筑材料，我们可以捕获和储存二氧化碳几十年，甚至几百年！换句话说：通过用木材建造，二氧化碳实际上是从大气中提取出来的，与成本高昂的北海（CCS）储存相比，这种形式的二氧化碳储存以建筑物的形式创造了价值。因此，建筑部门可以在应对气候变化方面发挥积极作用。现在荷兰正面临巨大的住房挑战，这一点无疑是正确的；在未来的20年里，荷兰必须建造100万所房子，此外，现有的大部分住宅必须有效地节能。这两项任务都是向生物燃料经济转型的强大推动力。

Building against climate change

One of the main climate objectives is the reduction of our CO2 emissions. But can we also extract CO2 from the atmosphere at the same time? This is possible at high costs and in limited scale through machines currently being developed. However, there is still no machine as cheap and efficient as the tree. We learn early in school that trees convert CO2, under the influence of sunlight, into glucose to grow. When trees die and decay, this CO2 is released again. When we burn wood and use it to generate electricity and heat up our homes, the stored CO2 is also released. However, if we make building materials out of it, we can capture and store CO2 for dozens, perhaps hundreds of years! In other words: by building with wood, CO2 is actually extracted from the atmosphere. In contrast to, for example, costly storage under the North Sea (CCS), this form of CO2 storage creates value in the form of buildings. The construction sector can thus play an active role in the fight against climate change. That is certainly true now that the Netherlands is on the eve of a huge housing challenge; one million houses have to be built in the Netherlands in the next 20 years. In addition, a large part of the existing homes must be made energy efficient. Both assignments act as a powerful driver for the transition to a biobased economy.

实木结构

几乎所有建筑部件都有替代品，如用于隔热的木棉和纤维素，以及作为生物复合材料的大麻纤维和亚麻。但特别是用实木做结构外壳——墙壁、地板和屋顶——是一种非常有效的材料。快速生长的木材可以被锯成垂直的层并用胶水粘合，形成不同厚度的大板，这就是所谓的交叉层压木材（CLT）。这些大型结构件可以工业化制造成所需的形状，并通过数控铣削为窗户和管道提供凹槽。然后在施工现场“干燥”组装这些元件。这种施工方法在荷兰尚处于初级阶段，但例如在奥地利和德国的实施，显示了加快施工速度、降低施工成本和改善施工工人工作条件的可能性。此外，实木结构具有触觉品质，促进室内气候宜人。通过将实木元件模块化，也可以很容易地更换或调整，从而增加了使用的灵活性。当CLT建筑不再足够时，它可以相对容易地拆除，其模块化元素可以在新建筑中重用和重新集成。如果这些木构件不能再被重新使用，它们可以被回收成低等级的木制品，如单板、刨花板和绝缘材料。

Solid timber construction

For almost all building parts there are bio-based alternatives such as wood wool and cellulose for insulation, and hemp fiber and flax as biocomposite elements. But especially the use of solid timber for the structural shell - the walls, floors and the roof -, is a highly potent material. Fast-growing wood can be sawn and glued in perpendicular layers, creating large sheets with different thicknesses, aptly named cross-laminated timber (CLT). These large structural elements can be industrially manufactured into the desired shape and provided with recesses for windows and pipes through CNC milling. These elements are then assembled "dry" at the construction site. This construction method is still in its infancy in the Netherlands, but its implementation in Austria and Germany, for example, shows the possibilities for faster construction speed, lower construction costs and better working conditions for construction workers. In addition, solid wood construction has a tactile quality and promotes a pleasant indoor climate. By making solid wooden elements modular, they can also be easily replaced or adjusted, which increases the flexibility of use. When a CLT building is no longer adequate, it can be dismantled relatively easily and its modular elements can be reused and reintegrated in a new building. If the wooden elements can no longer be re-implemented, they can be recycled into low-grade wood products such as veneer, chipboard and insulation material.

可持续林业

那我们从哪儿弄来这些木头？荷兰共有36.5万公顷的森林，其中一半以上起源于用作木柴的生产林，以前用于煤矿隧道的支护。22.5万公顷的荷兰森林现在是自然保护区。剩下的14万公顷森林可以用于可持续的木材生产，斯堪的纳维亚半岛就是这样。这意味着树木是以有限和有选择的方式收获的，取而代之的是同一物种或不同物种的年轻标本。每年平均每公顷可收获8立方米的木材，杨树的年产量甚至高达每公顷15立方米。这相当于每年生产112万立方米木材。通过多样化的大小和类型的森林种植园，我们增加生态，景观和娱乐价值往往单调的森林。这也有利于因交通、生物工业和（传统）建筑产生的氮排放而受到影响的土壤生命。建造住宅平均需要50立方米的木材。这意味着，我们每年可以用荷兰木建造2.24万套住房，实现100万套“土生土长”住房需要45年。换言之：荷兰森林中每天有60户人家“生长”。如果我们想加快生产，或者把现有的木材用于其他用途，我们可以进口木材或种植更多的森林。因此，对木材的更高需求不会导致砍伐，而是会导致更多更好的森林！对荷兰一些土壤质量差、空间质量差和/或农业经济衰退的地区来说，林业增值也是一种激励。也许我们甚至可以住在这些新森林里。因此，用木头建造可以使荷兰更加美丽！

Sustainable forestry

Where then do we get all that wood? The Netherlands has a total of 365,000 hectares of forest, more than half of which originated as production forest used for firewood and previously in timbering mine tunnels. 225,000 hectares of Dutch forests are now protected nature areas. The remaining 140,000 hectares of forest can be used for the sustainable production of wood, as is often the case in Scandinavia. This means that trees are harvested in a limited and selective way and replaced by young specimens of the same or different species. This yields an average wood harvest of 8m3 per hectare per year, with poplars even up to 15m3 per hectare per year. This amounts to an annual production of 1.12 million m3 of wood. By diversifying the size and type of forest plantations, we add ecological, landscape and recreational value the often monotonous forests. This also benefits soil life that suffers from nitrogen emissions from traffic, the bio-industry and (conventional) construction. An average of 50 m3 of wood is required for the construction of a home. That means that we can make 22,400 homes from Dutch wood every year and will require 45 years for the realization of 1 million "home-grown" homes. In other words: 60 homes per day “grow” in the Dutch forests. If we want to speed up production, or use the available wood for other purposes, we can import wood or plant more forests. Higher demand for wood therefore does not lead to clearing, but to more and better forests! Adding value to forestry is also an incentive for parts of the Netherlands that suffer from poor soil quality, low spatial quality and/or a declining agricultural economy. Perhaps we may even live in these new forests. Building with wood could therefore make the Netherlands more beautiful!

如果不是现在那什么时候？

我们如何开始向使用生物材料过渡？毕竟，在荷兰我们习惯了用混凝土、石头和钢铁建造房屋，而木材还未成为建筑的主要材料。因此，必须迅速实现若干示范性项目，最好是整个社区的建设，以便从预制的规模经济中受益，并给建筑链在荷兰组织自己的机会。政府也可以在这方面发挥重要作用，在只有生物材料用于建筑的情况下，提供建筑场地，如果水泥等传统材料价格上涨，对建筑用木材的需求也会增加，这可以让在建筑物中储存二氧化碳甚至会一种收入模式！

If not now then when?

How do we kick start the transition to using biobased materials? After all, we are used to building with concrete, stone and steel in the Netherlands, with wood yet to prove itself here. A number of exemplary projects must therefore be realized quickly. Preferably entire neighborhoods should be built so to benefit from the economy of scale of prefabrication and to give the construction chain the chance to organize itself in the Netherlands. Governments can also play an important role in this by making building sites available under the condition that only biobased materials are used for construction. The demand for biobased material use in construction will also increase if the price of traditional materials, such as cement, rises. The shortage of traditional raw materials will help, as well as the announced CO2 tax. And possibly storing CO2 in a building may even become a revenue model!