3D打印UHPC电车站

公司：	So Concrete	类型：	建筑
地区：	捷克共和国	标签：	车站

捷克创新公司 So Concrete 成功开发了机器人施工技术领域，设计并实现了布拉格 Holešovice 独特的 Výstaviště 电车站项目。停靠站的构造利用了结构中内力分布或压力和张力的自然原理，最终的设计不仅是独特的，而且最重要的是效率最高。与传统技术相比，这种方法可节省高达 60% 的材料，而且就经济性和可持续性而言，高性能混凝土的机器人 3D 打印可以被认为是未来的技术。这个布拉格电车站的人力比例极低，是 So Concrete 在城市家具领域的首次干预。

一个长凳和信息面板完成了停靠点。因此，它是整个空间的综合解决方案。目的是展示技术的功能性和高审美附加值。

The innovative Czech company So Concrete, which is successfully developing the field of robotic construction technologies, designed and realized the project of the unique Výstaviště tram stop in Holešovice, Prague. The construction of the stop uses the natural principles of internal force distribution or pressures and tensions in the structure, and the resulting design is not only unique, but above all maximally efficient. Compared to conventional technologies, this approach saves up to 60% of material, and in terms of economics and sustainability, robotic 3D printing of high-performance concrete can be considered the technology of the future. This Prague tram stop, with a minimal share of human labour, is So Concrete's first intervention in the field of urban furniture.

A bench and information panels complete the stop. It is, therefore, a comprehensive solution for the entire space. The aim was to show the functionality of the technology and the high aesthetic added value.

选择这个地点并非偶然，布拉格是一个公共交通高度发达的现代化大都市。Stromovka 公园附近的 Výstaviště 电车站位于布拉格第七区，该区被认为是一个进步、现代和创意的地区，拥有许多艺术和文化机构。

The location was not chosen by chance, Prague is a modern metropolis with highly developed public transport. The location of the Výstaviště tram stop near the Stromovka park is located in the Prague 7 district, which is perceived as a progressive, modern and creative district, home to a number of artistic and cultural institutions.

设计 The design

电车站的参数化设计、位置、骨架和立柱的形状——都最大限度地利用了经过自然验证的解决方案的有效性。So Concrete 的设计师 Záviš Unzeitig 解释了受自然影响启发的设计过程是如何运作的：“在设计阶段，就已经对结构进行了静态分析，并在拓扑优化的帮助下，可以减少所用材料的体积。同时，保持了美学品质和结构要求。由此产生的骨架形态反映了结构在负载下的实际行为，从而直接显示了结构中发生的力。通过优化，我们能够从结构中去除可用性较低的地方，并节省 60% 的材料。结果是一个穿孔的精细结构，可以承受与实心混凝土板相同的载荷。”

The parametric design of the tram stop, the location, the shapes of the ribs and the columns – all make maximum use of the effectiveness of nature-proven solutions. Záviš Unzeitig, designer at So Concrete, explains how the design process inspired by natural influences works: "Already during the design phase, the structure is statically analysed, and with the help of topology optimization, it is then possible to reduce the volume of material used. At the same time, the aesthetic qualities and structural requirements are maintained. The resulting morphology of the ribs reflects the actual behavior of the structure under load and thus directly shows the forces that take place in it. Thanks to the optimization, we were able to remove places with less usability from the structure and save 60% of the material. The result is a perforated fine structure that can withstand the same load as a solid concrete slab."

数字流程The digital process

车站设计是使用犀牛(Rhino)参数化设计的数字工作流程开发的。“我们使用这个框架来设计我们自己的软件工具，涵盖从几何生成、拓扑优化、静态分析、3D 切片器、逆运动解算器到后处理器等流程。我们专注于创建定制数字解决方案，使我们能够快速适应各种标准文件格式和几何类型。So Concrete 机器人工程师 Dimitry Nikitin 解释说：“与客户密切合作，优化生产流程的输入数字模型，实现从想法到实物的快速转变。” 为了完全独立地对停止结构的设计及其最终外观进行静态验证，我们联系了领先的工程公司Stráský、Hustý apartneři进行验证。

The stop design was developed using a digital workflow based on parametric design in Grasshopper (Rhino). “We use this framework to design our own software tools that cover processes ranging from geometry generation, topology optimization, static analysis, 3D slicers, and inverse kinematic solvers to post-processors. Our focus on creating custom digital solutions allows us to quickly adapt to a wide range of standard file formats and geometry types. Working closely with our customers to optimize the input digital models for our production process enables a quick transition from idea to physical object,” explains Dimitry Nikitin, robotic engineer at So Concrete. For the static verification of the design of the stop structure and its final appearance to be completely independent, the leading engineering company Stráský, Hustý a partneři, was approached for validation.

生产及材料Production and materials

该车站由多个结构部分组成，使用了不同类型的混凝土和3D打印的方式。屋顶和长凳是使用机器人3D打印制造的。材料和混凝土是根据功能和负载选择的。例如，长凳座位区域没有使用钢纤维加固，而屋顶则包含这种加固。为了生产柱头，机器人铣削并打印模具，随后将最终的头打印到模具中。

The stop is composed of several structural segments, for which different types of concrete and 3D printing approaches were used. The roof and the bench were manufactured using robotic 3D printing. The material – concrete – was chosen according to function and load. For example, steel-fiber reinforcement was not used for the bench seating area, as opposed to the roof, which contains this reinforcement. To produce the column heads, the robot milled and printed the moulds into which the final heads were subsequently printed.

面向未来的技术Technology for the future

So Concrete 技术基于三大支柱：拓扑优化、超高性能混凝土 (UHPC)和机器人 3D 打印。由于这些原理的整合，车站的基本结构可以在24 小时内生产出来。拓扑优化可以节省一半以上的材料并达到自然美观。UHPC的特性使得使用最少量的钢材制造这种精巧的自支撑结构成为可能。机器人3D打印不仅带来了节省人力的优势，而且还可以在不需要使用模具或模板的情况下生产如此复杂的形状。

So Concrete technology is based on three pillars: topology optimization, ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and robotic 3D printing. Thanks to the integration of these principles, the basic structure of the stop could be produced within 24 hours. The topology optimization allowed more than half of the material to be saved and to achieve natural aesthetics. The properties of UHPC make it possible to manufacture such subtle self-supporting structures using a minimum amount of steel. Robotic 3D printing not only brings the advantage of saving human labour, but also the possibility of producing such complex shapes without the need to use moulds or formwork.