结庐半间精品民宿

公司：	白岛营造设计工作室	类型：	建筑
地区：	中国	标签：	民宿客栈

①缘起/开端

结庐半间民宿是一个乡村生态文旅项目的一部分，位于江西省吉安市郊的一片丘陵之中，距离吉安中心城区约有20KM的车程。项目的业主是一位出生成长于当地乡村并且一直工作生活在当地的青年企业家，对家乡和乡村有着深切的热爱。这个项目可以说是其复兴乡村，重建乡村精神家园梦想的一部分。生于斯长于斯，对于人居环境，尤其是乡村人居环境，业主有着非常深刻的思考和认识，很多方面的理念和诉求跟我们的乡建实践经验不谋而合，这也是项目得以顺利展开并落地的一个重要原因。

The half-room homestay in Jian is part of a rural ecological cultural tourism project, located in a hilly area on the outskirts of Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province, about 20km away from the central urban area of Ji'an. The owner of the project is a young entrepreneur who was born and grew up in the local village and has been working and living there until now. He has a deep love for his hometown and the countryside. This project was to ignite the dream of reviving the economic of countryside and rebuilding the spiritual home of the countryside. Born and raised in this village, the owner has a very deep connection and understanding of the residential environment, especially the rural residential environment. The ideas and demands of many aspects of this project coincide with our practical work experience in rural construction, which is also an important reason for the smooth implementation of the project.

▽民宿建筑群俯瞰航拍Overlooking

▽民宿建筑群整体鸟瞰Overlooking

▽民宿建筑群入口Entrancen

▽隔湖看临水的建筑Building＆The lake

▽总平面图 Site Plan

②定位/意向

作为一个乡建项目，我们一开始就要思考它要以怎样的姿态呈现。基地周围不远处就是一个传统村落，保留有大量传统民居，只不过大都人去房空，凋敝不堪，让人唏嘘。迅猛的城市化进程使得乡村人口流失严重，传统乡村聚落形态也已经几近消亡，取而代之的一栋栋钢筋混凝土的小洋楼。在当代，什么样的乡村人居环境是好的，什么样的乡村建筑是适宜的，这是我们一直思考的问题，也是我们在实践中试图去回答的问题。

As a rural construction project, we should think about how it should be presented at the beginning. Not far from the base is a traditional village, which retains a large number of local dwellings, but most people leaving there results in many empty houses, which makes the village look shabby and makes people who still stayed feel sad. The rapid urbanization process has led to a serious loss of rural population, and the traditional rural settlement pattern has also been almost extinct, replaced by a small reinforced concrete building. In the contemporary era, what kind of rural residential environment is good and what kind of rural buildings are suitable are the questions that we have been thinking about and trying to answer in practice.

▽周边村庄现存传统民居，大量使用生土材料 local-style dwelling houses

我们希望我们的设计可以创造一个当代乡村的生活场景，也能唤起人们对过往乡村生活的回忆，引发人们对于当代人的生活方式的思考和探索。我们也尝试用在地的方式在生态和节能的层面做一些探索，因此，我们希望在这个项目中，建筑是带有一定的传统聚落意向的，但又仍然是当代的。

We hope that our design can create a contemporary rural life scene and also arouse people's memories of past rural life. We also try to explore the ecological and energy conservation aspects in the way of land use. Therefore, we hope that in this project, the building can be made by some traditional intention, but it is still contemporary.

▽建筑建造关系Constuction relations

▽建筑形态生成Process of Architectural Form

▽建筑与场地的关系The relationship between architecture and site

▽场地微气候处理Site Microclimate

▽功能分区Functional zoning

▽近看民宿客房 Closer view of homestay rooms

▽从内院看建筑View from the Inner Courtyard

▽书吧和客房区的关系The relationship between the book bar and the guest room area

▽庭院建筑视角一View from the Inner Courtyard

▽庭院与建筑视角二View from the Inner Courtyard

▽庭院与建筑视角三View from the Inner Courtyard

▽庭院与建筑视角四View from the Inner Courtyard

▽建筑与光影Architecture and Light and Shadow

▽庭院与建筑外廊灰空间庭院与建筑外廊灰空间

③场地/形态

项目基地位于一片丘陵间的小盆地中，经由一条乡道进入，路过一片片山林和果园，一片宽阔的水面在眼前徐徐展开，建筑基地就在远处这片水面岸边。场地西侧和北侧高，东侧和南侧低，地形高差较为丰富。场地西侧为一条乡道，与乡道一路之隔是一片开阔的草坪，东侧紧邻水面，景观视野非常开阔。占据场地中间的是一片原生树林，树种构成以松树和毛竹为主，树木生长状态自然，良好。当我们第一次踏勘场地的时候，业主和我们就一致决定要保留场地中间的树林，它们是这里的“原住民”，是场地的记忆和最重要的特征。西侧开阔水面的风景吸引着我们将部分建筑临水而设，与水亲近，因而，以树林为中心，将建筑沿场地边缘布局就成了非常自然的选择，树林自然而然成为建筑群“内院”的核心景观。其实，一开始我们就有将建筑以小体量分散布局，以营造村落意向的想法，而场地恰恰为我们提供了这样的绝佳条件，场地在不同方向上的丰富高差又进一步增加了空间的多样性和趣味性。

The project base is located in a small basin between hills. It can be entered through a rural road and passed through mountains, forests and orchards, then a wide water surface slowly unfolds in front of us. The construction base is on the shore of the water in the distance. The west and north sides of the site are high, the east and south sides are low, and the terrain elevation difference is relatively rich. The west side of the site is a rural road, besides an open lawn, and the east side is close to the water, with a very wide view of the landscape. In the middle of the site is a piece of native grove. The tree species are mainly pine and phyllostachys pubescens. The trees grow naturally and well. When we visited the site for the first time, the owner and us decided to keep the trees in the middle of the site. There are the "aborigines" here, and are the memory and also the most important feature of the site. The landscape of the open water on the west side attracts us to set some buildings close to the water. Therefore, taking the forest as the center and arranging the buildings along the edge of the site has become a very proper choice. The forest naturally becomes the core landscape of the "inner courtyard" of the building group. In fact, from the very beginning, we had the idea of distributing buildings in small sizes to make a breath in the building group, and the site provides us with such excellent conditions. The rich terrain difference in different directions of the site further increases the diversity and interest of the space.

为保证内院与外界空气的足够对流，我们以形体脱开，切削洞口，设置架空体量等等多种手法对建筑形态进行处理，同时为保证雨雪天气各分散功能之间的便利联结，我们在不同建筑体量之间设置了连廊，这在措施在客观上又使得建筑的空间和形态更为有机和丰富。

In order to ensure sufficient convection between the inner courtyard and the outside air, we treat the building form by means of volume separation, holes cutting, suspended volume and other operations. At the same time, to ensure the convenient connection between the scattered functions in rainy and snowy weather, we set up corridors between to attach to different building volumes, which objectively makes the space and form of the building more organic and rich.

▽建筑体量上的“洞”The "Hole" in Building Volume

▽建筑与景观1 Architecture and landscape1

▽建筑与景观2 Architecture and landscape2

▽建筑与水岸的关系The relationship between architecture and waterfront

▽建筑与边院Architecture and Border Courtyard@阿呆

④传统/材料/建造

土木建造体系，是中国民间非常常见的传统建造体系，这里的土，指的是生土。生土，指以原状生土为主要原料，无需焙烧仅需简单加工便可用于房屋建造的建筑材料，其传统形式包括夯土、土坯、泥砖、草泥、屋面覆土等。其中，以夯土强度最高，建造工艺最精细，也最能适应现代建筑的使用要求。经实地踏勘，我们发现场地周边的村庄仍旧保留有大量木构土砖或木构夯土墙的民居。

夯土建筑有许多天然的优点:

1）可就地取材，节约开采和运输能耗；

2）无需深加工，节约生产能耗，据测算其加工能耗和碳排放量分别为粘土砖和混凝土的 3%和 9%；

3）可循环再利用或是回归土地，具有可再生性，房屋拆除后生土材料可反复利用，甚至可作为肥料回归农田，最大限度地减少对生态环境的影响；

4）夯土墙体厚重密实，可用于室内外结构承载、围护或分隔构件，亦可作为热工性能调节的重要构件，具有突出的蓄热性能，使房屋室内冬暖夏凉，减少能耗；具有“呼吸”功能，可有效调节室内湿度与空气质量；

5）夯土延续了原产地的地域特征，易于产生自然的亲切感，是乡土建筑地域性的重要显现；

Civil construction system is a very common traditional construction system among Chinese people. The soil here is raw soil. Raw soil for the building materials that can be used for building construction without calcination but simple processing with undisturbed is capable for being the main material of buildings. Its traditional fabricative features include rammed earth, adobe, mud brick, grass mud, roof covering, etc. Among them, the rammed earth has the highest strength and the most sophisticated construction technique, which is also the most suitable for function of modern buildings. After field survey, we found that there are still a large number of houses with wooden earth bricks or wooden rammed earth walls in the villages around the site.

Rammed earth buildings have many natural advantages:

1) Local materials can be used to save energy consumption in mining and transportation;

2) There is no need for further processing but can save energy consumption. It is estimated that its energy consumption and carbon emissions are 3% and 9% of that of clay bricks and concrete respectively;

3) It can be recycled or returned to the land, which is renewable. After the house is demolished, the raw soil materials can be reused, or even returned to the farmland as fertilizer, to minimize the impact on the ecological environment;

4) The rammed earth wall is thick and dense, which can be used for indoor and outdoor structural bearing, enclosure or separation components, and can also be used as an important component for thermal performance adjustment. It has outstanding heat storage performance, which makes the house warm in winter and cool in summer, and reduces energy consumption; With "breathing" function, it can effectively regulate indoor humidity and air quality;

5) Rammed earth continues the regional characteristics of the country of origin and is easy to produce a natural sense of familiarity, which is an important manifestation of the regionality of local architecture;

▽夯土墙夯筑过程The process of ramming the earth wall

对于我国当下尤其是广大农村地区而言，夯土建筑无论从历史文脉、生态价值、舒适度还有经济层面而言，夯土都有大力推广的价值。因而，我们在这个项目中尝试着选择了夯土作为主要维护结构和表现材料。根据功能和希望达到的空间效果，我们采用了钢筋混凝土结构+夯土，木结构+夯土和钢结构+夯土三种组合方式。南方丘陵地带的红壤在色彩和质感上有极其丰富的表现力，我们通过对不同色彩的土壤的比例的调配来调节夯土墙的颜色，同时通过在夯土中夯入砂石，或是夯土和混凝土或红砖等材料共同使用来增强材料的整体丰富性。

For the current situation in China, especially in the vast rural areas, rammed earth buildings are of great value of succeeding historical gentle pulse, ecological friendly, comfort for human as well as in economic level. Therefore, we try to select rammed soil as the main maintenance structure and performance material in this project. According to the function and the desired space effect, we have adopted three combination methods: reinforced concrete structure+rammed earth, wood structure+rammed earth and steel structure+rammed earth. In terms of the use of materials, we adjust the color of the rammed earth wall by adjusting the proportion of the soil with different colors, and at the same time, we can enhance the expressiveness of the materials by tamping pebbles into the rammed earth, or by using the rammed earth together with concrete or red bricks.

▽木结构和夯土墙的关系一The relationship between wooden structures and rammed earth walls

▽木结构和夯土墙的关系二The relationship between wooden structures and rammed earth walls

▽木结构体系轴剖图——书吧Axonometric view of wooden structure system

▽混凝土结构——夯土墙墙身大样Construction detail

▽混凝土结构——墙砖外墙墙身大样Construction detail

▽夯土墙的纹理与厚实感The texture of rammed earth walls

▽毛石墙面Rubble wall

▽毛石，卵石和夯土的组合使用Combination use of different materials

▽不同材料的组合使用Combination use of different materials

⑤室内/景观/一体化营造

在我们以往的项目中，我们一直在追求建筑，室内，景观的一体化营造，我们认为，室内和景观分别是建筑的内延和外延，他们是建筑不可分割的整体，一个项目的各部分之间应该是有机的，是有整体感的。在这个项目中，我们尽量少的使用装修的做法去处理室内完成面，而尽量多的让受力结构和维护结构去表现自身。尤其是，夯土这种材料本身有着非常强烈的表现力，夯土墙的暖色调，不规则的柔和的纹理和表面的颗粒质感，给人以厚重，朴素和亲切的感觉，非常适合用在室内，因此我们的室内完成面即是围护结构夯土墙，不加任何修饰。而木结构本身也有着非常强的表现力，木构件之间的穿插连接有着一种很强烈的建造逻辑美感，并且往往使人联想到传统的建筑，而木材料本身又给人以亲切温暖的感觉。同样，钢结构和混凝土结构也有着自身独特的表现力。

在景观的处理上，我们完全保留了原有的树林，把它作为内院的核心景观，并且尽量少的去对树林的地面进行干预。我们保留了场地的大部分原始高差，让建筑地坪跟随场地起伏，结合高差，设计景观踏步，连廊，步道，庭院，通过这些来消解建筑和场地的界限，我们在建筑的各个部位设计了很多天井和内嵌的微“庭院”，在其中布置景观植物和构件，让景观植入建筑之中。在景观植物的选择上，我们使用了很多乡土植物，我们希望景观和建筑一样，是在地的。

In our previous projects, we have been pursuing the integration of design of architecture, interior and landscape. We believe that interior design and landscape design are the extension inward and outward of architecture respectively. They are the indivisible for architecture. All parts of a project should be organic and have a sense of integrity. In this project, we try to use less decoration to deal with the indoor fixtures and let the stressed structure and maintenance structure express themselves fully. In particular, rammed earth itself has a very strong expressive force. The warm color of rammed earth wall, the irregular soft texture and the granular texture of the surface give people a feeling of thick, simple and cordial, which is suitable for indoor use. Therefore, our indoor finished surface is the rammed earth wall of the enclosure structure, without any decoration. The wooden structure itself also has a strong expressive force. The interpenetration and connection between the wooden components has a significant sense of construction logic beauty, and often makes people associate with traditional architecture, while the wooden material itself gives people a warm feeling. Similarly, steel structure and concrete structure also have their own unique expressive force.

In terms of landscape treatment, the building group has completely enclosed the original forest, which is regarded as the core landscape of the inner courtyard, and try to interact with the ground of the forest as little as possible. We have retained most of the original elevation difference of the site, let the building floor follow the undulation of the terrain, and combined with the elevation difference, to design the landscape steps, corridors, walkways, and courtyards, through which we can eliminate the boundary between the building and the site. We have designed many patios and embedded mini "courtyards" in various parts of the building, in which landscape plants and components are arranged, so that the landscape can be embraced by the building. In the selection of landscape plants, we use a lot of local plants. We hope that the landscape, like the building, is on the ground.

▽建筑与风景融为一体Integrating Architecture and Landscape